Access to safe drinking water is the cornerstone of any society. Yet from the drought-stricken regions of the American Southwest
to the densely populated cities on the East Coast, finding safe drinking water can be a constant challenge. Reusing and
recycling the water we waste is a promising step toward sustainability.
Graywater, or domestic wastewater that doesn’t come from toilets, accounts for 80 percent of our total household wastewater.
Every time you wash dishes, do laundry, brush your teeth or take a shower, you produce graywater. In the United States,
the average person generates 33 to 40 gallons of graywater every day.
Graywater is different from traditional wastewater – it doesn’t contain many of the dangerous pathogens found in wastewater
from toilets. Lower pathogen levels means graywater is more treatable, and thus a prime candidate for reuse. In an age
of urban living, where densely populated areas consistently stress water resources, recycled graywater can be a key factor
for water sustainability.
In Cincinnati, graywater combines with traditional wastewater during delivery to the wastewater treatment plants (often miles
away). Municipal plants treat the wastewater and then release the treated water into a body of water, like the Ohio River.
But what if you could treat most of your wastewater right at home, reusing it for other purposes?
Soryong (Ryan) Chae, PhD, assistant professor of environmental engineering at the University of Cincinnati (UC), is developing
a novel technology that facilitates the reuse of graywater. UC recently granted Chae $15,000 through the Faculty Bridge
Program to fund his project, “Multi-functional Carbon Nanotube Composite Membranes for Residential-Scale Greywater Recycling.”
“I’m trying to build a new kind of infrastructure that treats wastewater as a resource, instead of a waste,” Chae says. He
intends to accomplish this through first separating graywater from wastewater at the residential level.
Cincinnati currently uses a biological process for large-scale wastewater treatment. Wastewater flows into a holding tank
populated by microorganisms that consume the wastewater’s pollutants and nutrients. After the microorganisms have consumed
the vast majority of pollutants, the plant uses gravity to separate these microorganisms from the treated wastewater.
The plant releases the treated wastewater into the river, while the microorganisms return to a holding pool to repeat
the process.
Chae is proposing to separate graywater from wastewater at the residential level, before it even gets to the wastewater treatment
plant. He plans to combine a traditional biological process, as seen at a large-scale plant, with membrane separation.
Membrane separation is a common filtration process for wastewater treatment. Wastewater goes through a permeable membrane,
which acts as a filter to remove waste components, like bacterium and microorganisms, from the wastewater. In the past,
membrane separation wasn’t easily possible with biological processes, primarily because of membrane fouling.
“Membrane fouling occurs when microorganisms attach on the membrane surface and prevent water flow through the membrane,”
Chae says. “My idea is to minimize those occurrences using a multi-functional carbon nanotube membrane.”
Chae can mitigate fouling by attaching a carbon nanotube to a conventional membrane filter. Rather than chemically cleaning
a fouled membrane, which can be expensive, destructive and inefficient, Chae’s technology can send electric power through
carbon nanotubes attached to a membrane filter. The novel membrane can also effectively remove trace organic compounds,
an emerging pollutant that conventional wastewater treatment plants traditionally have difficulty removing. Additionally,
because Chae’s carbon layer is electrically conductive, one can easily monitor potential membrane fouling through electric
signals.
By intentionally separating graywater from more contaminated wastewater, Chae can make the wastewater treatment process much
more efficient, as the treatment process won’t have to address the major pathogens and viruses that come from wastewater
in toilets. Once the graywater is recycled, homeowners and building owners can then reuse the water for irrigation, gardening
and other indoor purposes.
As accessible fresh water becomes scarcer across the country and around the world, novel engineering solutions such as Chae’s
transform how we address these global problems.
By: Brandon Pytel
Phone: (513) 556-4686